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Concept and requirements of sustainable development in bridge engineering

Yaojun GE, Haifan XIANG

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第4期页码 432-450 doi: 10.1007/s11709-011-0126-6

摘要： The concept of sustainability is described in this paper using a single sustainable principle, two goals of sustainable development, three dimensions of sustainable engineering, four sustainable requirements and five phases of sustainable construction. Four sustainable requirements and their practice in China are discussed in particular. The safe reliability of bridges is first compared with the events of bridge failure in China and in the rest of the world and followed by structural durability, including the cracking of concrete cable-stayed bridges, deflection of concrete girder bridges and fatigue cracks of orthotropic steel decks. With respect to functional adaptability, lateral wind action on vehicles and its improvement are introduced regarding a sea-crossing bridge located in a typhoon-prone area. The Chinese practice of using two double main span suspension bridges and a twin parallel deck cable-stayed bridge is presented in discussing the final sustainable requirement: capacity extensibility.

关键词： sustainable engineering safe reliability structural durability functional adaptability capacity extensibility

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Experience gained in analyzing severe accidents for WWER RP using CC SOCRAT

《能源前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第4期页码 872-886 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0796-2

摘要： The current Russian regulatory documents on the safety of nuclear power plant (NPP) specify the requirements regarding design basis accidents (DBAs) and beyond design basis accidents (BDBAs), including severe accidents (SAs) with core meltdown, in NPP design (NP-001-15, NP-082-07, and others). For a rigorous calculational justification of BDBAs and SAs, it is necessary to develop an integral CC that will be in line with the requirements of regulatory documents on verification and certification (RD-03-33-2008, RD-03-34-2000) and will allow for determining the amount of data required to provide information within the scope stipulated by the requirements for the structure of the safety analysis report (SAR) (NP-006-16). The system of codes for realistic analysis of severe accidents (SOCRAT) (formerly, thermohydraulics (RATEG)/coupled physical and chemical processes (SVECHA)/behavior of core materials relocated into the reactor lower plenum (HEFEST)) was developed in Russia to analyze a wide range of SAs at NPP with water-cooled water-moderated power-generating reactor (WWER) at all stages of the accident. Enhancements to the code and broadening of its applicability are continually being pursued by the code developers (Nuclear Safety Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBRAE RAN)) with OKB Gidropress JSC and other organizations. Currently, the SOCRAT/1 code can be used as a base tool to obtain realistic estimates for all parameters important for computational justification of the reactor plant (RP) safety at the in-vessel stage of SAs with fuel melting. To perform analyses using CC SOCRAT/1, the experience gained during execution of thermohydraulic codes is applied, which allows for minimizing the uncertainties in the results at the early stage of an accident scenario. This study presents the results of the work performed in 2010–2020 in OKB Gidropress JSC using the CC SOCRAT/1. Approaches have been considered to develop calculational models and analyze SAs using CC SOCRAT. This process, which is clearly structured in OKB Gidropress JSC, provides a noticeable reduction in human involvement, and reduces the probability of erroneous results.

关键词： system of codes for realistic analysis of severe accidents (SOCRAT) design basis accidents (DBAs) severe accidents (SAs) computer code (CC) nuclear power plant (NPP) design water-cooled water-moderated (WWER) modeling model safety requirements

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面向客户需求的产品优化设计方法研究

李汝鹏,魏巍,周峰,邹成

《中国工程科学》 2018年第20卷第2期页码 33-41 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2018.02.006

摘要：

面向客户需求是企业在当前竞争激烈的市场环境下成功的关键。本文提出了一种快速响应客户需求的产品优化设计方法，通过基于模糊相似理论的需求信息模糊聚类方法，对具有模糊性和多样性的原始客户需求信息进行精简分类处理，以获取客户需求集合；然后构建了一种综合联合分析法（CA）和质量功能展开（QFD）的全新CA-QFD需求转化方法，从客户需求到产品设计属性进行精确转化，并通过对实例产品的优化设计，实现快速响应客户需求；最后，通过锻压机主工作液压缸的优化设计实例，验证了本文方法的可行性和适用性。

关键词：快速响应客户需求模糊聚类需求转化 CA-QFD方法产品优化设计

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Local arc discharge mechanism and requirements of power supply in micro-arc oxidation of magnesium alloy

Ming CHEN, Yuezhou MA, Yuan HAO,

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2010年第5卷第1期页码 98-105 doi: 10.1007/s11465-009-0088-8

摘要： To study the requirements of the power supply in micro-arc oxidation (MAO) of magnesium alloy, many experiments were performed under the DC, unipolar, and ambipolar pulse output modes. Based on the experimental results and electric arc theory, the separate local arc discharge mechanism was put forward. It is considered that magnesium MAO process consists of three stages including anodic oxidation, micro-arc oxidation, and large-arc discharge in turn with increasing source voltage. The MAO film is composed of metal oxides that resulted from numerous discrete local arc discharges, which accumulate the non-equilibrium structure after undergoing sudden heating and cooling cycles. Separate local arc discharge is caused by the process in which the oxygen-based gas is ionized in the conduct channel bearing electric field intensity, changed from insulator to conductor that presents sharp negative resistance effect, and produced partially high temperature to ignite locally metal oxidation. The local arc discharge model is described as four courses: gas created from electrolysis, arc discharge, metals oxidization, and cooling and shrinking of oxides. The purpose of pulse supply is to inhibit the large-arc discharge by intervening proper cooling time, which cannot be actualized by a unipolar pulse mode because of the strong capacitive load characteristics but can be reached by an ambipolar pulse supply because the negative pulse period acts as cooling time. Using a discharge loop to remove the influence of load capacitive, a new type of pulse power supply for MAO is developed, so that the large-arc problem is resolved effectively, the film-forming efficiency is improved, and the pollution of the film and electrolyte caused by negative voltage is avoided.

关键词： micro-arc oxidation local arc discharge pulse power supply magnesium alloy

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Managing water for life

Daniel P. LOUCKS, Haifeng JIA

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第2期页码 255-264 doi: 10.1007/s11783-011-0359-6

摘要： Water is essential for life. In spite of the entire engineering infrastructure devoted to the treatment, regulation and beneficial uses of water, occasionally sufficient quantities and qualities of water become scarce. When this happens, just how do we decide how much less water to allocate to all of us and the activities we engage in to sustain and enhance our quality of life? This paper addresses some of the complexities of answering such a question, especially as society increasingly recognizes the need to provide flow regimes that will maintain healthy aquatic and floodplain ecosystems that also impact the economic, physical and even the spiritual quality of our lives. For we depend on these ecosystems to sustain our wellbeing. We are indeed a part of our ecosystems. We depend upon on aquatic ecosystems to moderate river flow qualities and quantities, reduce the extremes of floods and droughts, reduce erosion, detoxify and decompose waterborne wastes, generate and preserve flood plain soils and renew their fertility, regulate disease carrying organisms, and to enhance recreational benefits of river systems. This question of deciding just how much water to allocate to each water user and for the maintenance of viable aquatic ecosystems, especially when there is not enough, is a complex, and largely political, issue. This issue is likely to become even more complex and political and contentious in the future as populations grow and as water quantities and their qualities become even more variable and uncertain.

关键词： water stress aquatic ecosystems sustainable water resource allocations ecosystem water requirements

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一种基于描述逻辑的体系质量需求建模与验证方法 Article

Qing-long WANG,Zhi-xue WANG,Ting-ting ZHANG,Wei-xing ZHU

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第18卷第3期页码 346-361 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1500309

摘要：在体系顶层设计问题中，体系质量需求分析的关键是体系需求的建模以及自动验证，需要合适的建模方法来描述体系质量需求以及验证质量需求是否满足体系的能力需求。针对体系质量需求建模和验证问题，本文提出一种基于描述逻辑的体系质量需求建模与验证方法。首先，为解决体系功能和非功能需求的描述问题，通过添加模糊构造子扩展统一建模语言（Unified Modeling Language, UML）中的类和关系并定义了基于元模型的领域特定建模语言以实现体系质量需求中模糊和不确定概念的建模。随后提出了基于云模型的体系质量需求评估方法实现了对体系质量需求的评估。然后，提出了模型转换算法将模糊UML构建的体系需求模型转换为描述逻辑本体模型，并通过使用描述逻辑本体推理工具实现需求模型的自动化验证。最后，通过一个案例验证和演示了本文方法的正确性和可行性。

关键词：体系；云模型；描述逻辑；需求验证

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RePizer：一种软件需求排序架构 Article

Saif Ur Rehman KHAN,Sai Peck LEE,Mohammad DABBAGH1,Muhammad TAHIR,Muzafar KHAN,Muhammad ARIF

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第17卷第8期页码 750-765 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1500162

摘要：标准的软件开发周期很大程度上取决于利益相关方的需求。软件开发全程围绕需求设计和管理。考虑到时间和资源的限制，必须分清哪些是必须首先考虑的高优先级需求。已有的需求排序架构缺少对历史数据的记录，而这些历史数据有助于从类似项目中方便地选取最适合的需求排序技术。本文中，我们提出一种名为RePizer的软件需求排序架构，该架构与一种选定的需求排序技术联合使用，可以基于给定标准(如开发成本)，为软件需求优先级排序。RePizer通过从需求库提取历史数据，为软件需求工程师决策提供协助。此外，RePizer提供了对整个项目的全景式视角，以确保对资源的审慎使用。基于RePizer架构，采用已有的两种需求排序技术：计划博弈(planning game, PG)和层级分析(analytical hierarchy process, AHP)，分别比较各自的预期准确度和易用程度。结果表明，采用计划博弈时，RePizer性能更佳。

关键词：软件需求；需求排序技术；排序架构；计划博弈；层级分析

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Urban design based on public safety-Discussion on safety-based urban design

Kaizhen CAI, Jianguo WANG

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第2期页码 219-227 doi: 10.1007/s11709-009-0023-4

摘要： Because of public safety problems in construction of urban surroundings, this paper expounds the necessity of the study on public safety-based urban design in perspective of modern city. It brings forward the concept of safety-based urban design and attempts to explore the basic connotation and contents with framework for studies.

关键词： urban public safety urban design safety-based urban design

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Artificial Bear Bile: A Novel Approach to Balancing Medical Requirements and Animal Welfare

Yong Li,Yuhong Huang,Nan Feng,Heping Zhang,Jing Qu,Shuanggang Ma,Yunbao Liu,Jiang Li,Shaofeng Xu,Ling Wang,Mi Zhang,Jie Cai,Weiping Wang,Ru Feng,Hang Yu,Bo Yu,Dailiang Liang,Heping Qin,Suxiang Luo,Yanfen Li,

《工程（英文）》 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.09.017

摘要： Bear bile has been a valuable and effective medicinal material in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for over 13 centuries. However, the current practice of obtaining it through bear farming is under scrutiny for its adverse impact on bear welfare. Here, we present a new approach for creating artificial bear bile (ABB) as a high-quality and sustainable alternative to natural bear bile. This study addresses the scientific challenges of creating bear bile alternatives through interdisciplinary collaborations across various fields, including resources, chemistry, biology, medicine, pharmacology, and TCM. A comprehensive efficacy assessment system that bridges the gap between TCM and modern medical terminology has been established, allowing for the systematic screening of therapeutic constituents. Through the utilization of chemical synthesis and enzyme engineering technologies, our research has achieved the environmentally friendly, large-scale production of bear bile therapeutic compounds, as well as the optimization and recomposition of ABB formulations. The resulting ABB not only closely resembles natural bear bile in its composition but also offers advantages such as consistent product quality, availability of raw materials, and independence from threatened or wild resources. Comprehensive preclinical efficacy evaluations have demonstrated the equivalence of the therapeutic effects from ABB and those from commercially available drained bear bile (DBB). Furthermore, preclinical toxicological assessment and phase Ⅰ clinical trials show that the safety of ABB is on par with that of the currently used DBB. This innovative strategy can serve as a new research paradigm for developing alternatives for other endangered TCMs, thereby strengthening the integrity and sustainability of TCM.

关键词： Artificial bear bile Chemical profile Formula optimization Pharmacodynamic consistency Preclinical toxicological assessment

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6G需求、愿景及使能技术

张平, 沈学民, 张建华

《工程（英文）》 2022年第8卷第1期页码 1-2 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.12.001

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中国食品安全科技发展方向讨论

魏益民,吴永宁,周乃元,潘家荣

《中国工程科学》 2005年第7卷第11期页码 1-4

摘要：

从发展国家食品安全战略，强化国家食品安全科技的角度，提出中国食品安全科技优先发展的四大方向，即风险分析是食品安全科技战略的首选领域；“从农田到餐桌”整体控制体系是食品安全全程控制技术和操作规范的理论基础，是实施食品安全管理的重要技术手段；检测监测技术是预警、预防、应急的技术依据，应集中力量开发一批内控和标准检验必须的快速检测技术和标准检测技术；以政府、生产者、消费者为责任人主体的管理理念是食品安全管理的基本原则，食品链上的所有责任人应在保障食品质量和安全的问题上主动承担责任。

关键词：食品安全科技战略发展方向

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Probabilistic safety assessment of self-centering steel braced frame

Navid RAHGOZAR, Nima RAHGOZAR, Abdolreza S. MOGHADAM

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第1期页码 163-182 doi: 10.1007/s11709-017-0384-z

摘要： The main drawback of conventional braced frames is implicitly accepting structural damage under the design earthquake load, which leads to considerable economic losses. Controlled rocking self-centering system as a modern low-damage system is capable of minimizing the drawbacks of conventional braced frames. This paper quantifies main limit states and investigates the seismic performance of self-centering braced frame using a Probabilistic Safety Assessment procedure. Margin of safety, confidence level, and mean annual frequency of the self-centering archetypes for their main limit states, including PT yield, fuse fracture, and global collapse, are established and are compared with their acceptance criteria. Considering incorporating aleatory and epistemic uncertainties, the efficiency of the system is examined. Results of the investigation indicate that the design of low- and mid-rise self-centering archetypes could provide the adequate margin of safety against exceeding the undesirable limit-states.

关键词： self-centering steel braced frame mean annual frequency safety assessment confidence level margin of safety

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安全科学若干基础问题研究

吕保和

《中国工程科学》 2006年第8卷第11期页码 57-61

摘要：

分析了安全的科学含义，引入了"灾事"的概念，指出安全科学的研究对象就是灾事，并进一步探讨了灾事的类型以及各类灾事之间的关系。阐述了构建安全科学的必要性和可行性，并从一个新的角度分析了安全科学的内涵以及构建安全科学的基本思路，论述了安全科学技术体系的层次结构。

关键词：安全灾事安全科学学科建设

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State of Practice of Construction Site Safety in the USA

Fei Dai,Yoojung Yoon,Hota V. GangaRao

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2016年第3卷第3期页码 275-282 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2016035

摘要： The construction industry has long been plagued with a high number of fatalities in the USA. Much safety improvements have been made after the USA Congress passed the Occupational Safety and Health Act in 1970. However, this industry still suffers from a disproportionately high rate of work-related fatalities in comparison to other industries. To provide a holistic view of current construction safety practices and corresponding performance, this paper reviews statistics of construction fatalities and their causes. It then presents efforts led to prevent work-related accidents and injuries by the federal safety agencies and the industry. Additionally, advantages and limitations of current practices in terms of construction safety have been discussed along with promotion of aspects in construction work environment.

关键词： workplace safety construction industry safety strategy accident prevention review work

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Analyzing construction safety through time series methods

Houchen CAO, Yang Miang GOH

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2019年第6卷第2期页码 262-274 doi: 10.1007/s42524-019-0015-6

摘要： The construction industry produces a large amount of data on a daily basis. However, existing data sets have not been fully exploited in analyzing the safety factors of construction projects. Thus, this work describes how temporal analysis techniques can be applied to improve the safety management of construction data. Various time series (TS) methods were adopted for identifying the leading indicators or predictors of construction accidents. The data set used herein was obtained from a large construction company that is based in Singapore and contains safety inspection scores, accident cases, and project-related data collected from 2008 to 2015. Five projects with complete and sufficient data for temporal analysis were selected from the data set. The filtered data set contained 23 potential leading indicators (predictors or input variables) of accidents (output or dependent variable). TS analyses were used to identify suitable accident predictors for each of the five projects. Subsequently, the selected input variables were used to develop three different TS models for predicting accident occurrences, and the vector error correction model was found to be the best model. It had the lowest root mean squared error value for three of the five projects analyzed. This study provides insights into how construction companies can utilize TS data analysis to identify projects with high risk of accidents.

关键词： time series temporal construction safety leading indicators accident prevention forecasting